Covid 19 vaccine: Today's First Priority of Nation

Vaccines VS Covid 19 Vaccine

Vaccine actually contains weakened, killed, or fragmented microorganisms or

toxins or of antibodies or lymphocytes that's involved primarily to stop disease.

A vaccine can confer acquired immunity against a selected harmful agent by

stimulating the system to attack the agent. Once stimulated by vaccine,

antibody producing cells, called B cells or B lymphocytes, remain sensitized and

prepared to reply to the agent if it ever gains entry to body. A vaccine can also

confer acquired immunity by providing antibodies or lymphocytes already

made by an animal or human donor.

Vaccines are usually administered by injection, but some are even given orally

or nasally. Vaccines applied to mucosal surfaces, such as those lining the gut or

nasal passages, seem to stimulate a greater antibody response and maybe the

most effective route of administration.

History

The first vaccine was introduced by British physician Edward Jenner, who in

1976 used the cowpox virus to confer protection against smallpox in humans.

The principle of vaccination was applied by Asian physicians for many diseases.

French biologist Pasteur established immunization against anthrax by injecting

attenuated bacillus, which is the type of bacteria that causes the disease. Later

on Pasteur developed a vaccine against rabies (viral disease).

Vaccine Effectiveness

After Pasteur's time, a widespread and intensive search for new vaccines

against both bacteria and viruses were produced, as well as vaccines against

venoms and other toxins. Through vaccination, smallpox was eradicated

worldwide by 1980, and Polio cases declined by 99 percent. Other examples of

diseases for which vaccines have been developed include mumps, measles,

typhoid fever, cholera, plague, TB, tetanus, influenza, and typhus. Although

some of those vaccines are less than 100 percent effective or are used only in

populations at high risk. Vaccines against viruses provide especially important

immune protection, since, unlike bacterial infections, viral infection does not

respond to antibiotics.

Vaccine Types

The challenge in vaccine development consists in devising a vaccine strong

enough to keep off infection without making the individual seriously ill.

Researchers have devised different types of vaccines. Weakened or attenuated

vaccines contain microorganisms that have lost the power to cause serious

illness but retain the power to stimulate immunity.

1- Attenuated Vaccines

2- Inactivated Vaccines

3- Subunit Vaccines

Vaccine Development

Development of vaccines is often simplified into two broad stages:

1- Pre-clinical Development in this step research is being done on

animals.

2- Clinical Development is when the vaccine is first tested in human. It

covers four stages.

a) Phase 1 in which small scale trials to assess whether the vaccine is safe in

humans or not.

b) Phase 2 is on large scale and look mainly to assess the efficiency of vaccine

against artificial infection and clinical disease.

c) Phase 3 vaccines are studied on large scale of many hundreds of subjects

across several sites. If the vaccine retains safety and efficacy over a defined

period of time then the manufacturer is able to apply to the regulatory

authorities for a license to market the product for human use.

d) Phase 4 happens after the vaccine has been licensed and introduced into

use.

Covid 19 Vaccine

Covid 19 is the viral disease, which causes pneumonia in humans and results

into their death. It is first found in December 2019 in Chinese city Wuhan. It

has infected 5 million people, causing half million deaths all over the world.

This fatal virus is spreading at exponential rate and everyone is looking for its

remedy, which is possible in the form of VACCINE!

Development of Vaccine

There is not a single medicine which has been approved effective against this

virus. Scientists have said that its only cure is development of effective vaccine.

There are 100+ vaccines are in trials all over the world, some of them are in

human trials but there is still a lot of works is left for its development.

Scientists are still not sure that vaccines, which are in trials, are 100 percent

effective. Covid 19 is very new type of virus and, doctors and scientist do not

know about this very much, this is the main reason which is causing delay in

the development of its vaccine.

In this situation we must stay home, wash our hands properly,

use face mask, because until unless vaccine is not out there this virus is fatal.

             By: ALI Hamza

your comments will be highly acknowledged!!!!